The Confusing Writing Style of John Berryman’s Dream Songs :: Dream Songs

The Confusing Writing Style of John Berryman’s Dream Songs John Berryman presents an intriguing and to some degree confounding gathering of stories in his initial twenty-six Dream Songs. The six line refrains appear to uncover the fantasies that Berryman has. The sonnets are composed with poor sentence structure and have an exceptionally arbitrary rhyme conspire. They baffled me extraordinarily perusing them, as they apparently have no organization or plot. Starting with the rhyme plan of The Dream Songs, Berryman appears to follow no particular request. In the eighth melody, Berryman utilizes the example abcabc, however in the eleventh tune he utilizes abccda all through the three six-line verses. In a significant number of different segments he doesn't finish one example every one of the three verses. Likewise in some of them it appears as if he utilizes incline rhyme, utilizing words that don't actually rhyme however have emphatically related sounds. One case of this inclination rhyme happens in the fifth tune; â€Å"while the brainfever winged animal did scales;/Mr Heartbreak, the New Man,/come to cultivate an insane land;/a picture of the dead on the fingernail† (7). With this model scales and fingernail and man and land present words that don't totally rhyme. Berryman’s irregular utilization of rhyme conspire corresponds to the arbitrariness of the whole work of the principal segment of his fantasy melodies. The language that Berryman composes with in The Dream Songs likewise serves to entangle the work. He goes to and fro in utilizing African American slang language and rearranged English. He composes; â€Å"The adversary are wiped out,/as is us of, Often rising trysts,/like this one, drove he out† (12). This expression has neither rhyme nor reason linguistically and presents a significant test for the peruser to reword. Berryman additionally tosses in an incidental expression in another dialect, as he does in the twelfth tune; â€Å"Tes yeux bizarres me suivent† (14). This model just gives one all the more manner by which Berryman makes his composing hard to get past and considerably progressively hard to comprehend.

Face Recognition Ability Inherited Separately from IQ Essay Example for Free

Face Recognition Ability Inherited Separately from IQ Essay This article underpins the measured quality speculation of the cerebrum where it is communicated that the human mind resembles a Swiss blade that is spoken to as â€Å"a universally useful device with specific reason devices† (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010, n. p. ). Such sort of attitude depends on the possibility that particular qualities are situated in different districts of the mind which work for explicit psychological capacities like face acknowledgment. In endeavor to additionally explore this issue, the specialists examined the relationship of face acknowledgment to heritable attributes by using the assistance of 102 sets of indistinguishable twins and 71 sets of intimate twins. The investigation utilized highly contrasting pictures of 20 unique faces which were appeared to every member on a PC screen each for one moment and this progression was trailed by the blending of 10 of the first 20 countenances to 20 new faces. Results indicated that indistinguishable twins, whose qualities are 100% normal, were bound to give coordinated consequences of the face try (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010). Additionally, 39% of the fluctuation is credited to hereditary impacts in this manner recommending that face acknowledgment is a heritable attribute. Intelligence level relatedness of face acknowledgment, then again, was examined by utilizing the cooperation of 321 understudies which uncovered that the capacity to perceive faces is autonomous of IQ (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010). The outcomes accumulated in this investigation insist the theory that some psychological abilities are not connected with IQ which is the marker of general knowledge (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010). Resulting contemplates are planned to explore if other subjective capacities like language preparing, route, perusing and the preferences are identified with IQ. Therefore, the centrality of these discoveries is seen on the investigation of chemical imbalance and dyslexia on the grounds that these heritable formative issue may likewise be directed by explicit qualities on the human mind. In conclusion, the discoveries introduced on this paper are accepted to be dependable in light of the fact that they are grounded on experimentally inferred proof. In any case, it is recommended that a bigger example size must be utilized to additionally affirm the factual agreeableness of the outcomes. In any case, the specialists put forth significant and profoundly qualified attempts on the selection of members on the grounds that indistinguishable and friendly twins are actually the most suitable subjects for examines that research heritable properties. As a rule, this examination is a convenient research try that can prompt a progression of promising impacts in the fields of neurobiology and formative brain science. Reference: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2010, January 20). Face acknowledgment capacity acquired independently from IQ. Science Daily.

EA Decisions are now on myStatus - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

EA Decisions are now on myStatus - UGA Undergraduate Admissions EA Decisions are now on myStatus Early Action decisions are now available online! You can view the press release with some statistics about EA students who were admitted here. For students who were deferred, please understand that this is not a denial decision. We want to be able to have a more in-depth review of you, including short essays, activities, recommendations, etc. Please be sure to read the deferred student FAQpage before commenting on here. If you have questions about your specific decision, please do not post them on this blog. As well, do not give out or request personal academic information in your post, as we would then need to delete these posts. We are not able to answer questions about individual students here because we will generally not have your information in front of us and we cannot disclose individual student information in a comment. I would recommend talking with both your family and high school counselor first, then reviewing this previous poston suggestions about how to react to an EA decision, and finally reading the FAQs available from your myStatus page. Please be patient, be nice and be courteous. Have a great weekend and go Dawgs!

How to Apologize and Say Im Sorry In German

You are likely to make either cultural mistakes or miscommunicate your intentions as a student of the German language, especially if you are traveling through German-speaking countries. Therefore, on your long list of vocabulary essentials to master when studying the language, be sure to include German expressions of forgiveness and excusing yourself. When deciding what expression to use after youve made a mistake or misstated something, err on the side of excusing yourself too much rather than not enough. Just hope you don’t have to use the following expressions too often—but if you do, learn which expression or phrase is correct. Excusing Yourself When you need to say excuse me, the German language provides several ways to make the request. In the examples in this and the subsequent sections, the German expression is listed on the left, with the English translation on the right, followed by a brief explanation of the social context where needed. Entschuldigung Excuse me. (such as when you want to pass by)Entschuldigen Sie bitte/ Entschuldige (casual)   Excuse meEntschuldigen Sie bitte meine Fehler.   Excuse my mistakes.Entschuldigen Sie/ Entschuldige, dass... Excuse me that / Sorry that...Entschuldigen Sie bitte, dass ich Sie stà ¶re.   Excuse me for disturbing you.Entschuldige bitte, dass ich es vergessen habe.   Sorry for forgetting. Saying Sorry for a Mishap There are two ways to say that you are sorry for a small mishap or mistake, as shown in this example: Entschuldigung / Ich bitte Sie / dich um Entschuldigung   Sorry / Please excuse me. To Ask for Forgiveness There are also several ways to ask for forgiveness in German: Jemanden um Verzeihung bitten   To ask somebody for forgivenessIch bitte Sie / dich um Verzeihung.   I ask you for forgiveness.Kà ¶nnen / Kannst Sie / du mir diese Dummheiten verzeihen? Can you forgive my foolishness?Das habe ich nicht so gemeint.   I didn’t mean it that way.Das war doch nicht so gemeint.   It wasn’t meant in that way.Das war nicht mein Ernst I wasn’t serious. Note how the last three examples do not even include the word forgive or excuse. Instead, you are essentially asking for forgiveness by making a statement indicating that you were not serious or that the intended meaning of your action or statement was misunderstood. To Regret Something German offers some colorful ways to say that you regret taking a certain action or making a particular statement. Etwas bedauern   regret somethingIch bedauere sehr, dass ich sie nicht eingeladen habe I regret not having invited her.Es tut mir Leid I am sorry.Es tut mir Leid, dass ich ihr nichts geschenkt habe I regret not having given her a present.Leider habe ich keine Zeit dafà ¼r. Unfortunately, I do not have any time for that.Es ist schade, dass er nicht hier ist. It’s too bad that he is not here.Schade! Too bad! (or Pity!) Note how in the last example, using a phrase like Too bad! in English would be considered a social faux pas as if you were saying Tough luck! in a pejorative manner. But, the phrase in German does, indeed, indicate that you are being contrite and asking for forgiveness for your transgression, whatever it may be.

Karl Marx And The Marxist Theory Of Political Economy

Economics often detaches from analysing people and the social relationships between them to instead focus on mathematical modelling. In the contemporary world, economists failed to predict numerous crises, the most recent being the Global Financial Crisis of 2006. Such failures coincide with the deteriorating belief in governments, leading to the rebirth of the use of Marxist thinking. â€Å"Sales of Das Kapital, Marx s masterpiece of political economy, have soared ever since 2008, as have those of The Communist Manifesto and the Grundrisse†. However, in a time of increasing admiration and application of his theories, it is vital to ask; Did Karl Marx construct masterpieces of political economy? Or is his work littered with ethical, economical and empirical discrepancies? This report will critically analyse aspects of Marxist economic theoretical tradition in order to answer these and ultimately form a decisive conclusion about the validity of the Marxist study of political e conomy. Karl Marx divided society into two groups: the dynamic forces of production in the form of technology and labour skills and the stagnant relations of production. This forms the two classes, the proletariat who are the owners of their labour and the bourgeoisie who own the means of production. The relationship between the two is assessed using the labour theory of value, which demonstrates the exploitation of workers in the aim of getting surplus value: â€Å"the difference between the wages†¦labourShow MoreRelatedThe Communist Manifesto And Das Kapital1507 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx A German philosopher, economist, journalist and revolutionary scientist, Marx was best known for his work in economics. He laid the foundations for today s theories of labor and capital. The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital were among the most famous of his published works. 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It wasn’t until 1871, when the Paris Commune occurred, that the Communist Manifesto began to have a huge impact on the working class all over the world.[i] The Paris Commune, whichRead MoreMarxist theory2065 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Marxist theory This theory was basically ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Both of them were born from Germany. Marx was a student of the most prominent German Idealist Philosopher. Engels was editing a radical journal that written by Karl Marx at the year 1844. Due to this both of them meet and become close friends. Engels start to share his opinion toward capitalism to Marx. After that, they decided to work together and become partnership because Marx was good in dealing with difficultRead MoreKarl Marx And Socialism Negatively Impacted Society1803 Words   |  8 Pages How Karl Marx and Socialism Negatively Impacted Society Marxism, also known as Socialism, and Communism, is â€Å"the political, economic, and social principles and policies advocated by a man known as Karl Marx; it is especially: a theory and practice of socialism including the labor theory of value, dialectical materialism, the class struggle, and dictatorship of the proletariat until the establishment of a classless society† (merriam-webster.com). Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are responsible forRead MoreKarl Marx s View On The Labor Value Of Theory883 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx was a German â€Å"economist and political scientist† who viewed capitalism â€Å"from a more pessimistic and revolutionary viewpoint† (Gorman, 2003). Karl Marx believed â€Å"that the basic determining factor of human history [was] Economics† (Famous101.com, 2011). Marx argued that the people within the classes were bound to remain â€Å"because of the very nature of capitalism† (Prabhat, 2012). Instead, Marx believ ed â€Å"†¦that the value of a good or service is dependent upon the labor used†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to produce itRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx (1818-1883), in collaboration with his benefactor and friend, Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), founded the Marxist Theory. Both men were philosophers, however were referred to as revolutionaries. ‘The Communist Manifesto’, was written collaboratively by both Marx and Engels, as they explored the argument that â€Å"history and progress can be seen dialectically as societies shift from one mode of production to another†. This will be argued through a contextual account of Marxism, its developmentRead MoreIs Marxism Anti Democratic Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesIs Marxism anti-democratic? In order to answer this question the parameters of the discussion must first be set, with key terms in the title defined. Marxism I define to be ‘an economic and socio-political worldview and method of socio-economic enquiry which focuses upon a materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical view of social change and an analysis and critique of capitalism. ‘ Democracy, I define to be an ‘egalitarian form of government in which sovereignty is vested in the peopleRead MoreMarxism Is A Method Of Socioeconomic Analysis1495 Words   |  6 Pagesmid-to-late 19th century works of German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, that analyzes class relations and societal conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and a dialectical view of social transformation. Marxist methodology originally used economic and sociopolitical inquiry to analyze and critique the development of capitalism and the role of class struggle in systemic economic change. According to Marxist analysis, class conflict within capitalism arises

Korean Air and China Airlines Free Essays

Lesson 1 – Self introduction Trick – Stereotype Airlines – China Airlines Instructor:Fiona Y. Hsiao ? ? : Profile-? ? 1. Marketing Sales VP 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Korean Air and China Airlines or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Kingdom of Bahrain) (Gulf Air) 3? / / ? ( ) 3. Duty travel: — ? 4. 5. 6. 7. : TVBS WTO , 8. : ? ?†¦ Interview Skills Outlines Stereotype Self Intro Education Work Experience †¢ Greetings †¢ Manner †¢ Characteristics †¢ Nature †¢ Professionalism Major + Activities + Learning Position + Specialties Storytelling Quick Response B + F+ Q + E Ambition for the position : What is Cabin Crew? Main Accountabilities: †¢ You will be responsible for ensuring the safety of our guests as well as providing excellent customer service at all times. †¢ inspiring our guests †¢ displaying a high degree of motivation †¢ enthusiasm and commitment in everything you do. What CI is doing? Green Energy Aircraft Weight Reduction Ground Repair Service Maintenance Management : What CI is doing? China Southern, China Eastern, Xiamen Airlines and China Airlines Form †Greater China Connection† Partnership On January 3, 2013, China Southern Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, Xiamen Airlines and China Airlines jointly launched the †Greater China Connection† program. The four SkyTeam member airlines in the Greater China region will share resources to establish a common set of CrossStrait membership services. The scope of the †Greater China Connection† program extends across more than 41 airports and more than 270 Cross-Strait flights a week. In other words, one in every two China-Taiwan flights is provided by a member of †Greater China Connection. ‘ With more than 280 China/Taiwan-Hong Kong flights and nearly 25,000 China domestic flights a week, †Greater China Connection† provides travelers with a more extensive network, more frequent flights, greater value and more convenient services. SkyTeam: Air France Korean Air KLM †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. : Q:  What  do  you  think  of  us? When I get to know that China Airlines becomes the fir st Taiwanese airline to join SkyTeam and cements the alliance’s #1 position in the Greater China region. I feel honored being a Taiwanese. As I am aware of, there are Star Alliance, One World and SkyTeam partnership, non of irliners from Taiwan is able to be part of the member. By putting so much effort that people don’t know, we China Airline has came to the 1st airline joining team. It shows the identity of hub of Taiwan. Also, the ‘Plum Blossom’ promoting China Airlines’ corporate identity and presenting how blossom our crew could be every day when having guests on board†¦.. : Blood Type Parents’ Occupation Zodiac Sign Trick Trick – Stereotype Where you come from 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Capricorn (12. 21-01. 20) Aquarius (01. 21-02. 19) Pisces (02. 20-03. 20) Aries (03. 21-04. 19) Taurus (04. 20-05. 20) Gemini (05. 21-06. 21) Cancer (6. 22-07. 22) Leo (07. 23-08. 22) Virgo (08. 23-09. 22) Libra (09. 23-10. 23) Scorpio (10. 24-11. 21) Sagittarius (11. 22-12. 20) Zodiac  Sign In-class practice stereotype ?Example 1? A1: Hello, how are you today? Welcome to our interview. Please introduce yourself in 3 minutes. B1: I would be very glad to do so. My name is _____. It’s a special name which means________. I come from a ordinary and simple family so that I get intimate with classmates better than with families. I fit to live in groups instead of loneliness. A2: Are your parents nine-to-fivers? B2: Yes, they are nine-to-fivers who go to work early and come home late. A3: Do your parents support you to join this interview? B3: Sure! My family thinks this is a long-term career and hopes that I can hold this chance to bring myself into this field. A4: Do you live in Taipei? How will you come to work if we hire you? How long does it take you on transportation? B4: I don’t live in Taipei. It’s no problem with me to be on time! I can drive. If parking is inconvenient, I would go out earlier to match up my duty. : In-class practice ?Example 2? Buffer A1: Please describe yourself by using 3 words. B1: It can’t come to my mind immediately. But I think I can introduce myself by a phrase sentence that is â€Å"work smart†. I am particular about efficiency. Most social freshmen can’t grasp the right point; they often make mistakes and re-do it. Therefore, they easily make things delay behind the progress. stereotype A2: That’s right. Where do you live? B2: I live in HsinDen where is located in south of Taipei and near Wulai. Wulai is very beautiful. Many people go hot springs and hiking on holidays. A3: But it’s quite far from your place to the office. How will you come to work? B3: Since high-speed way completed, people who live in HsinDen and Mucha usually go to work by either MRT or driving. I have the driving license / driver’s license and MRT card. Distance is not an issue as long as I am capable to manage my time well. A4: What do you think that you can’t work from nine-to-five? B4: I think it can’t be a nine-to-five job in aviation industry. Because we need to cooperate with airport operation and flight schedule, I understood. : In-class practice ?Example 3? stereotype A1: Talk about your family. B1: I’m very happy to. I come from an academic-oriented family. My parents are teachers who are very conscientious and well-disciplined. They say â€Å"to be strict with ourselves and lenient towards others† which is reasonable to me. A2: Have you ever talked about your willingness to your family? B2: Yes. My mother agreed, but my father was worried. Finally my decision is the decision. fact A3: Are you living with your family? B3: No, I rent a place with roommates. I wasn’t used to it in the beginning because we need to clean up the toilet and garbage by turns. But now, I am used to living independently and sharing housework. It makes me become more independent and matured. A3: Do you worry that you will keep away from your family friends at a distance? B3: Yes, it maybe is true. But you know that true affection won’t be changed because of distance. We have e-mails and cell phones. Nowadays, the communication system is so convenient that the whole world is just like a â€Å"global village†!! I am not worried about it at all. : In-class practice stereotype ?Example 4? A1: Please briefly introduce yourself. B1: Sure. I come from south of Taiwan. I am diligent, patient and can adapt to the environment better than ones from north. A2: That’s right. Will your accommodation be a problem to you? B2: I have to say I need some time to set up housing, but 1 week is enough! A3: You seem very confident! However, the salary we can provide in the beginning won’t be high. Could you accept it? B3: Normally, people always expect to have higher salary. I am not exceptional. I understand that we will have a great deal of training courses so that the salary won’t be high in the initial stage. A4: OK. Could you turn around right here? B4: Sure. Is this ok? If needed, I can do it again. ?: : ~ ~ :so that :instead of Ving / N. :match up : Since + , S+ /. †¢ †¦ †¦:either†¦or†¦ †¢ , : as long as + . †¢ S + used to + V: , ;? ( )? ; : †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ !! be + used to +Ving †¢ :to keep someone at a distance †¢ :adapt to : †¢ :a large number / a great quantity / a great deal (of) / a world of ? ? ? ? ? Now, your show time†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 60’s – Greeting with your interviewers. – Your name? – Your age? – School level / major? – Work experience? – Why do you think know about China Airline? – Reasons for being a flight attendant? – What is your contribution? – Saying Thank You. : Your blood type is â€Å"O. â€Å"Some says this type means people is very stubborn and objective. What do you think? Buffer Stereotype Actually,  I  have  heard  and  got  this  question  quite  often  when   people  gets  to  know  my  blood  type  is  Ã¢â‚¬Å"O†. Turning I  had  to  admit  that  we  are  somehow  stubborn  and  objective   Point than  the  rest. However,  in  stead  of  saying  we  are  like  that,   I  would  put  in  this  way  by  saying  we  are  devoting  and  insisting  in   doing  things  which  are  supposed  to  be  done  in  a  right  way. For   example,  as  a  employer,  I  believe  that’s  no  short? cut  when  doing   work,  not  to  mention  in  the  service  industry. I  believe  that  we   should  provide  services  to  customers/passengers  up  to  standard   as  how  we  are  trained  no  matter  there’s  someone  checking   behind  us. That’s  how  I  am  going  to  devote  myself  when  flying   with  our  big  family. : †¢ Q: Please introduce yourself in 1 minutes. †¢ Q: What are the three major elements from a successful flight attendant? †¢ Have you ever fly w/ us? And your impression? †¢ If one of the PAX touches your hand, what would you do? : ? ? * www. airjob. com. tw * service@pro-do. com. tw We Welcome You to Our Workshop†¦ : How to cite Korean Air and China Airlines, Papers

Total Quality Management Advantages and Disadvantages

Introduction Total quality management refers to the approach used by the management to improve the quality of production and the organization’s performance in tandem with the needs of its goals.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Total Quality Management: Advantages and Disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, quality management combines various elements of the organization connected with the improvement, development and maintenance of operations. Thus, these include factors such as cost control, employee performance, revenue accrual and management functions. These factors should be balanced to assure the success of the organization. Advantages of TQM TQM is important to organizations. It assists them attain efficiency in production and processing by preventing errors before they happen during work in process. Oakland (2001) notes that TQM addresses fundamental problem extents such as red undant processes, identical efforts, work processes and unnecessary tasks. Besides, TQM intervention plays a key role in predicting errors and providing appropriate measures to pre-empt them before they actually occur. This aspect encouraged efficiency and enables an organization to save on time and costs. Guasch (2007) points out that TQM enhances customer satisfaction. TQM intentions are tailored towards improving product or service through value addition. It attains this aspect by embracing a suitable strategy to correlate with the customer’s expectations. For instance, Oakland (2001) explains that to guarantee customer satisfaction, TQM reduces waiting time by changing how a customer is handled. It also makes changes in the delivery process to ensure a product/service reaches the customer on time and improves on the quality of products eliminating the needs of repair improving customers’ loyalty. Also, TQM is important in improving the organization’s develop ment. TQM builds the culture of change in the organization by championing for education of all employees on quality practices. This helps to make quality a concern for all and not just for Total Quality Assurance department. Focusing on quality contributes to a culture of proactive work tailored towards preventing errors.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, Guasch (2007) demonstrates that by focusing on teamwork, TQM succeeds in enhancing cross-departmental cooperation, thereby facilitating knowledge sharing. Knowledge sharing benefits an organization because it contributes to improved communication among employees and simplifies the organization’s communication hierarchy. Besides, knowledge sharing leads to widening of knowledge and skill-set of employees and breeds a culture of flexibility when an organization is deploying personnel in various epartments. This ensures cost competitiveness is achieved in the organization. Pfeifer (2002) explains that TQM improves human management in an organization. In human resources management, TQM spreads the rights of the business process to employees involved by empowering them to correct errors on the spot without waiting for directions from their superiors. This characteristic provides a total fulfillment environment and fixes an intrinsic enthusiasm among employees. Similarly, the TQM emphasizes improving productivity by eliminating mistakes and fixes the completion of objectives much faster. The employees may use the available free time to gain more knowledge aimed at improving existing products or services or coming up with new ones. TQM fixes an all round benefits enabling an organization achieve competitive advantage. In contemporary business, where borders are decreasing and barriers eliminated, there is free flow of information and products; an organization may embrace TQM to preserves its efficiency by creating new products, redesigning old ones and lowering prices. Hence, TQM strategy enables organizations to achieve all these benefits more easily. Disadvantages of TQM Although many organizations have accrued tangible benefits by embracing TQM, there are various disadvantages associated with the practice. Oakland (2001) points out that TQM calls for a new approach in the organization focused on process improvement and continuous customer fulfillment. Thus, for these aspects to take place, an organization should aim at changing its attitude and embrace prioritization of its daily daily operations. Additionally, TQM needs assurance and calls for all employee participation.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Total Quality Management: Advantages and Disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, Guasch (2007) notes that there are challenges involved in changing an organization’s cu lture because the aspect integrates an intertwining array of roles, values and processes. These aspects receive some resistance from employees who term them as a danger to their jobs. Also, TQM calls for planning, resources and time. Implementing a TQM system may take years of planning and resources of the organization. This is also coupled with management commitment. Where there is no support from management in terms of availing resources, TQM may fail. Seaver (2003) points out that quality is expensive to implement. Implementation requires additional costs such as consulting fees, training, infrastructure improvement and team development fees. In the long-run, the investment may be costly to an organization. TQM takes years to yield results. Hence, an organization opting to get instant result is disadvantaged. It calls for dedication, patience, motivation and perseverance during the whole process. However, many organizations have given up when results are not forthcoming. Besides, organizations operating in a stiff competitive environment have seen it a waste of time. TQM is tailored towards standardization. Standardization weakens creativity because it, discourages new skills and innovation in an organization which could have increased productivity. Benefits TQM improves the organizational performance. The performance of an organization is tied to how its processes are efficiently executed. Thus, TQM ensures that the organization’s processes are consistent with its quality standards; thus increasing its performance. Pfeifer (2002) carried out an investigation in Malaysia to determine the effectiveness of TQM in improving performance in an organization. About 400 hundred organizations were evaluated. After analyzing the data collected, it was found out that a strong relationship existed between TQM and commitment to customers, sales and profit, product quality and development, communication between divisions, marketing and respect for management (Pfei fer, 2002)).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More TQM is an approach taken by organizations to keep aligned to the goal of striving to give the best of service by constantly improving the services offered. TQM systems are put in place to constantly continuously watch and evaluate the organization’s determination to quality. For instance, the Ford Company, since its inception, has continuously aimed at sustaining TQM in its production line of Ford Vehicles. Ford has formulated and implemented the quality management philosophy, where more emphasis is particularly integrated in designing and coming up with a finished product that met the requirements of the customers. Similarly, in order to avoid wasteful production, Ford arranges for the production system, which entailed reducing the finished product immediately, in order to detect any element of malfunctioning. In case a default is detected, the product is rechecked to clarify the amount of damage. In case the damage is huge, the product is redesigned to facilitate constructi on of another default- less product. Conclusion TQM is an important component that organizations should deploy in order to attain efficiency, streamline processes and improve customer satisfaction, among others. Due to the present competitiveness of firms, TQM assures business has a competitive advantage over others in terms of service delivery, quality, operations and reduced costs. However, despite the efficiency of TQM in businesses, organizations should be aware of the challenges posed by embracing the TQM system. They should understand that TQM might call for a change in an organization’s culture. The results also take longer to be visible and it encourages standardization which weakens creativity and innovation. References List Guasch, L. (2007). Quality Systems and Standards for a Competitive Edge.Washington: World Bank Oakland, J. (2001). Total organizational excellence: achieving world-class performance. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Publishers Pfeifer, T. (2002). Qu ality management: strategies, methods, techniques; with 3 tables. Cincinnati: HanserGardner. Seaver, M. (2003). Gower Handbook of Quality Management. Aldershort: Gower Publishing, Ltd. This report on Total Quality Management: Advantages and Disadvantages was written and submitted by user Fallen One to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dont Just Sit There, Start Your Job as a Freelance Translator

Dont Just Sit There, Start Your Job as a Freelance Translator Among professions, translation is a complex and often underrated line of work. Finding success in the field can be pretty tough due to significant competition, especially if youre a freelancer trying to find your ground. There are no shortcuts to success, but this article will list a few pointers that may inch you closer to that goal (in no particular order):Practice your languagesAn obvious but noteworthy aspect of translation is to be well versed in the language(s) you work with. A common issue when attempting to learn a second language is a hesitance to apply it to daily life. Its critical to overcome this limitation and practice both speaking and writing until youre confident enough to seamlessly transition between languages.One helpful step is to go beyond your studies. School lessons can only take you so far; take it a step further and include the new language in your casual and social activities. For example, if you enjoy watching TV and/or videos, reading books or listening t o songs, search for similar content in the target language. If you know someone you can practice with, seize the opportunity. The Internet, in particular, is a treasure trove for virtually any type of content, and social media makes it easier than ever to engage other people on any subject and in any language. While there should always be some discretion when interacting with strangers online, it remains an option that absolutely should be taken advantage of.Keep in mind you wont master a language overnight. Depending on the language, you may need years to be minimally fluent in it. Dont be intimidated if you struggle to understand a word or phrase, and dont be discouraged if you stutter and choke on your words. Youll get better. Even if you already have experience, you can always learn something new and your command of your language(s) will show in your work.Understand localizationThis topic was briefly touched upon in a previous article about website localization, and its an integ ral part of translation work. The definition of localization, according to Dictionary.com is: To make local; fix in, or assign or restrict to, a particular place, locality, etc.In practice, localizing a translation means taking liberties to fit your content into the target languages cultural landscape. One common instance of this is with measurements (converting from imperial to metric and vice-versa, depending on the target language and country). However, it can be also required for other linguistic quirks such as proverbs, expressions, slangs, rhymes, memes, etc. In such cases, context is often lost in translation, calling for adaptations to preserve figurative interpretations. Lets look for example at this popular English phrase: Out of sight, out of mind.A Portuguese (BR) translation could substitute O que os olhos no veem, o coraà §o no sente (what the eyes dont see, the heart wont feel).The English and Portuguese versions are very close, but the latter uses the word for heart (coraà §o) instead of the word for mind (mente). However, both phrases still convey the same basic meaning (what isnt near you wont affect you).But thats an easy one. Lets try this again with something more complex: The early bird catches the worm.This English proverb doesnt seem to have a direct Portuguese counterpart, so a proper translation may not convey the subtext to Portuguese readers. In this case, one possible replacement could be: Deus ajuda quem cedo madruga (God helps those who wake up early).In this case, the wording may be completely different, but both phrases teach a similar lesson (youll be at an advantage if youre the first to do something). And since the Portuguese version is more ingrained in Brazilian culture, making this change is a valid choice. Sometimes the meaning is more important than the words themselves.That said, there may be situations in which such adaptations arent possible. This is more likely to occur with proper names, quotations and particular ly technical documents. If you find yourself in such a situation (and you likely will), one option is to simply add a footnote (marked as a Translator Note, or TN) explaining the original context.In the end, localization isnt an exact science. Due to the nature of cultural influences and human interpretation, there isnt a straight answer on how and when to take these liberties. Therefore, its very important to be culturally aware. Ask yourself questions such as: Who am I translating this for? and Can a local understand my translation? (also contact your client to clear up any doubts). Its up to each translator to decide the best course of action on a case-by-case basis, but always keep the main goal in mind: to get the intended message across.Build your careerHere is the tough part of freelancing. Dont expect immediate success; it takes time and dedication to earn credibility and develop a consumer base. Chances are youll find yourself taking a second job to make ends meet as you wo rk your way toward becoming a successful translator.Perhaps the best option for beginners is to join translation agencies and other freelancer websites. The topic was previously mentioned in this article about finding a good translator, but its worth repeating since these sites provide structure and quality control mechanisms for clients and freelancers, making them highly recommended as a means of gaining experience. Keep in mind though that these sites often have terms of service imposing conditions such as exclusivity causes and/or taking a cut of your income. Make sure to understand those conditions to avoid penalties that would limit your use of a freelancer website.Also, promote yourself. It may seem annoying when others do it, but it happens for a reason. Create a website, announce your services on social media, and hand over business cards. The key is to put your name out there, so dont be shy; be shameless. The more people you make aware of your services, the more likely yo ull get work.Finally, be patient and persevere. A successful career may take years to build. But if you keep at it long enough, youll get there before you know it.Use resourcesAlways do research as needed, and dont be afraid of using every tool at your disposal to improve your work. This includes online and physical dictionaries, search engines (a Google search takes literally one second), and even CAT (Computer Assisted Translation) tools if the option is available to you. For examples of resources you can use, please refer to this article about five useful translation tools.However, in the case of machine translations, it cant be stressed enough that you shouldnt let them become a crutch; those are only helpful on a basic level, and are generally meant for casual users with no time and/or budget to afford a human professional. Machines are incapable of understanding context (at least, at the time of writing), so the results are rarely precise. Its fine to use them as a quick refer ence, but never take the results at face value without verifying them.Another source of help can be found in dedicated translation communities. ProZ may be the largest one out there, with message boards for translators to request assistance as well as articles, guides and even job listings.Discipline yourselfAs appealing as freelancing may seem for the ability to choose your work conditions, being your own boss still means being your own boss. Treat your home as your office; determine your schedule, make it known to family and friends and stick to it. Leave no room for distractions that may hurt your productivity.Also, put value in your work. Take measures to avoid non-paying customers, such as requesting payment (or at least a fraction) upfront. Dont charge low fees if the effort is not worth it, but dont compromise quality either; good work will reflect better on you than rush jobs. Always meet your deadlines and never commit to projects beyond your ability (in case of unforeseen circumstances, contact your client immediately). Check your work before delivering it and if possible, let someone else take a look at it (youd be surprised by what can be spotted by another set of eyes). Your clients will take you seriously if you take yourself seriously.But dont think of self-respect as an excuse to bite the hand that feeds you; always treat your clients cordially, respond to their messages as soon as possible and answer any questions to the best of your ability. Be humble toward criticism, rectify any mistakes when possible and learn from them. Youll be better for it.

Amazing Strategies for Building Confidence in Teachers

Amazing Strategies for Building Confidence in Teachers Having confidence will only improve a teacher’s value as it naturally boosts their overall effectiveness. It is a key component of being successful. Students in particular quickly pick up on a lack of self-confidence and use that to tear a teacher down even further. Lacking self-confidence will eventually force a teacher to find another career. Confidence is something that cannot be faked, but it is something that can be built. Building confidence is another component of a principal’s duties. It can make all the difference in the world in how effective a teacher is. There is no perfect formula because every person has their own unique level of natural confidence. Some teachers do not require their confidence to be boosted at all while others require lots of extra attention in this area. A principal should develop and implement a strategic plan for building confidence in teachers.   The remainder of this article will highlight seven steps that can be included in such a plan. Each of these steps is simple and straightforward, but a principal must always be cognizant of implementing them on a regular basis. Express Gratitude Teachers often feel under appreciated, so showing them that you truly appreciate them can go a long ways in building confidence. Expressing gratitude is quick and easy. Make a habit of telling your teachers thank you, send a personal appreciation email, or give them something like a candy bar or other snack on occasion. These simple things will improve morale and confidence. Give them Leadership Opportunities Putting teachers who lack self-confidence in charge of something may sound disastrous, but when given the chance they will surprise you more times than they let you down. They shouldn’t be put in charge of large overwhelming tasks, but there are plenty of smaller type duties that anyone should be able to handle. These opportunities build confidence because it forces them to step outside their comfort zone and gives them a chance to be successful. Focus on the Strengths Every teacher has strengths, and every teacher has weaknesses. It is essential that you spend time praising their strengths. However, it is necessary to remember that strengths need honed and improved just as much as weaknesses. One way to build confidence is to allow them to share strategies that highlight their strengths with their colleagues in a faculty or team meeting. Another strategy is to allow them to mentor teachers who struggle in areas where they have strengths. Share Positive Parent/Student Feedback Principals should not be afraid to solicit student and parent feedback about a teacher. It will be beneficial regardless of the type of feedback you receive. Sharing the positive feedback with a teacher can truly be a confidence booster. Teachers who believe they are well respected by parents and students gain a lot of confidence. It naturally means a lot of those two groups to believe in a teacher’s abilities. Provide Suggestions for Improvement All teachers should be given a comprehensive Personal Development Plan that serves as a guide for improvement in areas of weaknesses. Most teachers want to be good at all facets of their job. Many of them are aware of their weaknesses but do not know how to fix them. This leads to a lack of self-confidence. An integral part of a principal’s job is to evaluate teachers. If there isn’t a growth and improvement component to your evaluation model, then it won’t be an effective evaluation system, and it certainly will not help build confidence. Provide Young Teachers a Mentor Everyone needs a mentor that they can model themselves after, seek advice or feedback from, and share best practices. This is especially true for young teachers. Veteran teachers make excellent mentors because they have been through the fire and seen it all. As a mentor, they can share both successes and failures. A mentor can build confidence through encouragement over a long period of time. The impact a mentor has on a teacher can span the length of several careers as the young teacher transitions into becoming a mentor themselves. Give Them Time Most teacher preparation programs do not prepare a teacher for life in a real classroom. This is where the lack of self-confidence often begins. Most teachers come in excited and fully confident only to realize that the real world is much tougher than the picture they had painted in their mind. This forces them to adjust on the fly, which can be overwhelming, and where confidence is often lost. Slowly over the course of time with assistance such as the suggestions above, most teachers will regain their confidence and begin to make the climb towards maximizing their overall effectiveness.

Treasury and Risk Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Treasury and Risk Management - Assignment Example The present value of the project stands at $1.15 million dollars over the five periods of exploration. Based on the estimated value of the initial costing of capital, I do not think it will be profitable to undertake the ore extraction (HOWELL, 2007). The cost of exploring the ore’s initial capital stands at more than half of the profit that the project will yield. This is not lucrative based on the fact that the prevailing economic conditions are bound to change. When such a project is to be explored, there are myriad factors that need to be put into consideration. This includes other conditions and political risks such as expropriation. Expropriation refers to the use of private property for public reasons. When such a case occurs, it is pertinent that the affected members be appropriately compensated. It is also essential that the will of the owners of the land be served (BRINK, 2004). However, in such conditions, many of the landowners are usually mistreated by the government hence tarnishing the name of the explorer. This will, in turn, affect them politically in terms of popularity and international relations. Therefore if expropriation will be avoided or stands at low percentages, then it will be okay to proceed with the ore extraction. However, if the percentage is large, then it will not be good to proceed with the project. In a meeting to discuss expropriation, I would be glad to invite major stakeholders to the project. This will involve a representative from the US government and that of the Mexican state government to discuss the issue. There shall be also the head of the company that is contracted to undertake the exploration and a representative of the people in the area of exploration. The data and information necessary for such a meeting will include documents to sign the agreement of certain terms by the parties.  There must also be data on past expropriation experienced noticed in the Mexican government so as to justify the cost of the same.     

Katz's Paradoxes of Evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Katz's Paradoxes of Evil - Essay Example Such setting may lead us to engage in evil deeds with or without our knowledge. Furthermore, our behaviors are unique; however, we are only guided by morals and principles. Contrary, morals are not universal, they are very personal for what may be right the one individual may be wrong in the beliefs and judgment of another. As such, our behavior can lead us to act in either way that is good or evil. Therefore, it is important to know that committing evil doe s not require any skills and any person can commit evil knowingly or unknowingly. In support of this paradox, the bible is quotes Jesus telling a group of people who were condemning an individual for acting wrongly. He said that if any of them clearly knew that they were absolutely clean from evil then they should be the first to reprimand that condemned individual. In the end none came forth for they all, knew that they had committed evil. According to James Waller a social psychologist, extraordinary evil is very weighty, as it may involve sins like mass murder, genocide among others. However, committing such evils may not require an extraordinary person. Most of the perpetrators of such acts have a starting point. As time passes when they are holding on small responsibility they gradually graduate to handle more and more responsibilities. In the end they have the capacity and machinery to commit the extraordinary evils (Waller n.p). In my own view, there are other factors that may lead an ordinary person to commit an extraordinary evil such as merging roles. Naturally, the basic assumption is that if an individual is good they will act or behave in a good manner and if they are evil minded then they will engage in evil ways. Conversely, this assumption may not hold if a person is given merging roles. For example if a good person if delegated for duties that require them to undertake evil acts, as time

Donald Olding Hebb: Biography and Theories

Donald Olding Hebb: Biography and Theories Obispo, Stacey L. In Chester, Nova Scotia on July 22, 1904 Donald Olding Hebb was born. Both of his parents were medical doctors (Brown Milner, 2003). Donald’s mother home schooled him till the age of 8 because she was heavily influenced by the ideas of Maria Montessori, an Italian physician who believed that education of the senses should come before development of the intellect (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). At the age of 10 Donald’s academic performance was so spectacular it left his teachers amazed and as a result he was promoted to grade 7(University of Alberta Canada, 2008) . Home schooling has been said to influence Donald’s attitude towards authority and policy (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). In his high school years he avoided all adult pressure and held a low estimate of the value of academic achievement and as a result failed the 11th grade (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). Donald managed to graduate and enrolled at Dalhousie University where he receiv ed his B.A. in 1925 (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). Donald carried distain for structured schooling and had a worse than mediocre record at Dalhousie (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). In 1925 he began teaching at an elementary school at his old schoolhouse in Nova Scotia for a year (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). Donald then began working as a laborer and read Sigmund Freud (Brown Milner, 2003). After reading Freud in 1928 Hebb thought that there was area for opportunity in the field of Psychology and sought to go back to school and enrolled at McGill University (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). Donald became bedridden for a year with a tubercular hip and during this time he wrote his M.A. thesis (Brown Milner, 2003). Donald tried to show in his master’s thesis that skeletal reflexes are a product of cellular learning (Brown Milner, 2003). He later said his thesis was nonsense (Brown Milner, 2003). In 1934 Donald made the decision to study physiological psychology, and worked with Lashley in Chicago for three academic terms (Brown Milner, 2003). In 1935 he moved to Harvard with Lashley(Brown Milner, 2003).While at Harvard the idea of neural networking began to take shape in Donald’s mind(Brown Milner, 2003).He later used the ideas of neural networking for his PhD thesis which he submitted in 1936(Brown Milner, 2003). These ideas led him to pivotal ideas that made him famous with the creation of a new branch of psychology (Brown Milner, 2003). Dr. Hebb would later conduct research on the brains of humans regarding intelligence and research on primates (Brown Milner, 2003). Hebb’s research lead him to write the book The Organization of Behavior (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). His book introduced his theory of neural networking (Brown Milner, 2003). In his book Hebb suggests’ that two neurons firing together will strengthen the connection and make it easier for the two neurons to illicit a response from the third. In sum The neurons that fire together, wire together(Brown Milner, 2003).The implications of his findings and theory forever changed physiology and psychology. Hebb’s theory has crossed over from psychology to computer science and engineering (Brown Milner, 2003). Dr. Donald Hebb received acclaim for his theory and findings and was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize and served on many boards such as the CPA, APA, NRC (Brown Milner, 2003). Hebb died on August 20, 1985 from what was thought to be a routine surgery on his hip (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Five key findings Hebb discovered transformed the field of learning psychology. The five findings include; cell assembly, phase sequence, arousal theory, short and long term memory, and the Hebb rule. Hebb’s theories and research are now applied in engineering, robotics, and computer science as well as neurophysiology, neuroscience and psychology (Klien, 1999). The beginning to Hebb’s discoveries began in 1929 when Han’s Berger’s announced that the brain exhibits continuous electrical activity( (Brown, Milner,2003).With this information Hebb sought explanations as to how learning and physiology interact with one other (Brown, Milner, 2003). Hebb found that at the time, explanations as to how learning was developed were by simplistic equations such as the S-R relationship in organisms which to him was too simplistic (Brown, Milner, 2003). He believed that the inborn activity of the path must be taken account for (Brown, Milner, 2003). Hebb thought that psychologist could no longer pretend that the biology of the organism was irrelevant (Brown, Milner, 2003).Behavior as Hebb saw was affected by variables such as attention and psychological theory which could no longer be ignored (Brown, Milner, 2003). Hebb believed that the learning was related to neural activity and current data of the time could not explain the ph enomena. Hebb concluded that Classical Behaviorism could not account for electro-encephalic data which clearly demonstrated the inadequacy of the physiological data on which Classical Behaviorism was based on (Brown, Milner, 2003). As a result Hebb developed neural theory with the current neurophysiological data (Brown, Milner, 2003). One of the key findings of Hebb was the cell assembly. Understanding how environmental objects we experience impact the brain led Hebb to the discovery of the cell assembly. The cell assembly is a pattern of neural activity that is caused when an environmental object or event is experienced (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Furthermore when the cell assembly is well developed, the person is able to think of the entire event following the stimulation of the assembly, even if the object itself or the event is physically absent (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). When a cell assembly fires we experience the event or thought the assembly represents (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Thought or ideas according to Hebb, is the cell assemblies neurological basis (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). The next influential finding of Hebb was the phase sequence. The phase sequence is a sequence of temporarily related cell assemblies. A phase sequence occurs when cell assemblies consistently follow one another in time form(Olsen Hergenhahn,2013). Once a phase sequence is developed a temporarily integrated series of assembly activities amount to one current stream of thought (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). When a single cell assembly or combination of assemblies in a phase sequence is fired, the entire phase sequence tends to fire (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). As a result of the phase sequence firing, one experiences a stream of thought which is a series of ideas arranged in a type of logical order (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Another important finding of Hebb was his development of arousal theory which explained reinforcement. Hebb discovered that there are times in which too much noise or commotion may allow one to not think clearly while at other times, one may need to shake themselves awake to keep up with optimal performance (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Hebb discovered that these reactions suggests that there is a level of stimulation in which must not be too high or low to produce optimal cognitive functioning (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). This relationship led to Hebb’s development of arousal theory (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Arousal theory according to Hebb is the contention in which brain wave activity ranges from very fast to very slow with a rate in between that allows for the optimal performance of certain tasks. (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Hebb contributed towards developing the differentiation between long term and short term memory .Hebb completely developed the distinction between different kinds of memory and theorized on the underlying physiological mechanisms (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Hebb believed in two forms of memory which consists of long term and short term memory (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Short term memory according to Hebb, lasts less than a minute and is related with the reverberating of neural activity created by an environmental event (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). However if an experience is repeated enough it is stored as long term memory (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). The process in which short term memory is converted into long term memory is defined as consolidation (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Another major contribution of Hebb lays in a learning rule. The Hebb rule is a learning rule used in computer simulation which refers to Hebb’s idea that when two cells are active together, the connection between them is strengthened (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013), The Hebb rule is a mathematical statement which tries to capture Hebb’s contention that the connection between two cells that are active simultaneously will be strengthened or made more efficient (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). The similarities of Hebb and Pavlov’s theories is that Hebb’s ideas concerning formation of associations between areas that are contiguously active are not that much different from Pavlov’s (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Comparatively, Hebb like Pavlov was not the first researcher to use his ideas about brain function to theorize about higher cognitive processes (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Furthermore, it could be said the Hebb may have changed the level of analysis from larger areas of the brain to smaller numbers of neurons but maintained the basic principles of Pavlov (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). The differences between Hebb and Pavlov’s theory is that Hebb along with Lashley discovered that Pavlovian theory had restrictions specifically in the belief that the brain was a complex switchboard. (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). For instance, the switchboard view of the brain assumed that sensory events stimulate specific areas of the brain and learning causes a change in neural circuitry so that sensory events come to stimulate areas other than those they originally stimulated (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Conversely Hebb and Lashley discovered through their research on rats that the location of destroyed portions of the brain was not as important as the amount of destruction (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Lashley further proved through the principle of mass action that the disruption of learning and retention goes up when the amount of cortical destruction goes up regardless of the location of the destruction (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Furthermore, when the cortex functions as a whol e during learning, and suppose one part of the cortex is destroyed then the other parts of the cortex take over the destroyed portion’s function (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Hebb and Lashley’s discoveries show that the brain did not act like a simple switchboard. Hebb impacted the field of learning through his discoveries on the effects of environment and neural development and arousal theory (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Hebb believed there were two kinds of learning (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). First is the gradual buildup of cell assemblies and phase sequences during infancy and early childhood (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Both cell assemblies and phase sequences in early childhood develop in early learning in which the objects and events in the environment have neurological representations (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). As a result of this neural development, children can think of an object or event, series of objects and events, when it is not physically present (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). According to Hebb the second kind of learning, occurs when cell assemblies and phase sequences are developed in early life, then subsequent learning involves their rearrangement (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). One way of putting it, once the building blocks have been e stablished (first kind of learning) they can then be rearranged in numerous configurations (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Another contribution to the field of learning was Hebb’s arousal theory. Arousal theory shows that for any given student or task efficient learning occurs when there is an optimal level of arousal (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Together environment and neural development along with arousal theory have contributed towards the field of education. References Brown, R. E., Milner, P. M. (2003). The legacy of Donald O. Hebb: More than the Hebb synapse. Nature Reviews/Neuroscience, 4, 1019. Klien, R. M. (1999). The Hebb legacy. Canadian Journal for Experimental Psychology, 53(1), 3. Olsen, M. H., Hergenhahn, B. R. (2013) Introduction to theories of learning. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. 9780205871865 University of Alberta Canada. (2008). Dr. Donald Hebb. Retrieved from http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/GCPWS/index.html Export Strategy: Advantages and Disadvantages Export Strategy: Advantages and Disadvantages 1.0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this report was to analyze the different strategies for exporting that are available to an organization internationalizing for the first time. Specific objectives were to identify the drawbacks and benefits of an export strategy. The report recommends an organization taking up exporting as a means of internationalization but also emphasizes that for exporting to be fully successful, the organization must approach it in a systematic way so that it may derive the full benefits associated with exporting. 2.0. TERMS OF REFERENCE My name is Amina J M Matongo,I am a student studying for my Bachelor of Arts in Business Studies at The Zambia Centre For accountancy Studies through the Greenwich University. The content in this report is based on examining different export strategies available to a firm wishing to internationalize for the first time and the advantages and disadvantages of an export strategy. 3.0. METHODOLOGY The information contained and gathered in this report has been collected from international business literature, texts, past knowledge and the World Wide Web. 4.0. INTRODUCTION A number of market entry strategies are available for a firm wishing to internationalize into foreign markets. Entry strategies include Exporting, Licensing, Franchising, strategic alliances, joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries. But because exporting entails limited risk, expense and knowledge of foreign markets and transactions, most organizations prefer exporting as their primary foreign market strategy. Exporting is a strategy of producing products or services in one country (often the producers home country), and then selling and distributing to customers in another country. The organization that is exporting retains its manufacturing activities in the home market but conducts marketing, distribution and customer service activities in the export market, the firm may conduct the latter activities itself or contract with an independent distributor or agent to have them performed (Cavusgil, Knight ,Riesenberger). Organizations venturing abroad for the first time, use exporting as an entry strategy, but beyond primary entry, all types of firms, large and small use exporting regardless of their stage of internationalization. Large companies such as Boeing and Toyota have used exporting in conjunction with other entry strategies. Compared to more complex strategies such as foreign direct investment (FDI), the exporter can both enter and withdraw from the markets fairly easily, with minimal risk and expense. Exporting may be employed repeatedly during the firms internationalization process.(reference 1) 4.1. The reasons why organizations internationalize include To seek opportunities for growth through market diversification. Substantial market potential exists outside the home country and this is how firms both large and small generate more than half their sales from markets abroad. Many foreign markets may be underserved for example high emerging markets, thus they have high demand and less intense competitive pressures which entails higher margins and profits for the firm. Firms are better able to serve key customers who have relocated abroad. For example when Toyota opened its first factory in the UK, many Japanese auto parts suppliers followed, establishing their own operations there. To gain access to lower-cost or better-value factors of production .Internationalization enables the firm to access capital, technology, managerial talent, labor and land at lower costs, higher quality, or better overall value at locations worldwide. Another driver for internationalization is that the firm is able to develop economies of scale in sourcing, production, marketing and RD .Also the firm will be closer to supply sources, benefit from global sourcing advantages, and gain new ideas about products, services and business methods. Unique foreign environments expose firms to new ideas for products, processes and business methods. (reference 2). 5.0. DISCUSSION According to Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger, the more experienced managers will use a systematic approach to exporting to improve the firms prospects for successful exporting. This approach should be as follows: 5.1.1. Step one, assess global market opportunity Management assesses the various global market opportunities available to the organization. The organizations readiness to internationalize and choose the most attractive export markets, identifies qualified distributors and other foreign business partners then estimates industry market potential and company sales potential. 5.1.2. Step two, organize for Exporting The second step is for managers to address the questions of what types of financial, managerial and productive resources should be committed to exporting? And to what extent should the firm rely on domestic and foreign intermediaries to carry out exporting? Options open to the organization are either to use indirect exporting which is exporting through intermediaries in the home market or direct exporting which is through intermediaries in the foreign market. 5.1.3. Step three, Acquire needed skills and competences Exporting is often complex and as a result requires specialized skills and competencies. Meaning the organization will need to acquire these skills and competencies, train staff and engage appropriate facilitating firms such as freight forwarders ,bankers etc. 5.1.4. Step four, Implement the export strategy In this final stage, management formulates elements of the organizations export strategy. This may involve product adaptation to modify a product to make it fit the needs and tastes of buyers. In export markets with many competitors, the exporter needs to adapt its products/services in order to gain a competitive advantage. For example when Microsoft markets computer software in Germany, it must ensure the software is written in German. Marketing communications adaptation refers to modifying advertising, selling, public relations and promotional activities to suit individual markets. Marketing activities are adapted depending on the nature of the target market, nature of the product/service, the firms position relative to competitors and managements specific goals and objectives. Price competitiveness refers to efforts to keep foreign pricing in line with that of competitors, the exporter may need to charge competitive prices .In the case of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), they may lack the resources to compete head to head on pricing with larger rivals. Such companies do not compete based on price but by emphasizing the non-price benefits of their products/services such as quality, reliability and brand leadership. Distribution strategy often hinges on developing strong and mutually beneficial relations with foreign intermediaries. Companies provide ongoing support to distributors and subsidiaries in the form of sales force, training, technical assistance, marketing know how, promotional support and pricing incentives. In markets with numerous competitors, the exporter may need to boost the capabilities of distributors. SOURCE: Adapted from Cavusgil et al,strategy, management and the new realities, pearson, 2008.pg 391. 6.0. STRATEGIES FOR EXPORTING MAY BE LOOSELY GROUPED INTO THREE CATEGORIES 6.1. Direct Exporting Direct exporting involves direct marketing and selling to the client that is contracting with intermediaries located in the foreign market to perform export functions; intermediaries include foreign based sales agents and distributors. These intermediaries or agents perform downstream value chain activities in the target market. If a firm has a reasonably accessible market, direct exporting of products and services may be a viable option .But where the firm faces less familiar markets with different legal and regulatory environments, business practices, customs and or preferences, direct exporting may not be an attractive option. A local partner for example may be better able to manage these complexities and serve the organizations potential clients better. 6.1.1. Advantages of direct exporting The exporting company will be able to establish a direct contact with a foreign trading partner, and not only operates through its own foreign trade companies abroad but also has the best opportunity for direct participation in foreign transactions. Target management and control of the sales become possible which is unrealistic in the case of indirect exports. The strategy offers potential for higher profits because of more direct contact. Direct exports may also enable the producer to have a closer relationship with foreign buyers and the marketplace. Direct exporting is applicable to a wider range of goods and services. 6.1.2. Disadvantages of direct exporting Direct exports are affected by other conditions. For example, the deterioration of exchange rates, if the rate of domestic currencies of third countries increases on the markets where the firm exports, it may cause the company to become relatively uncompetitive in overseas markets. Direct exporting may be inappropriate for goods with a short work life and are unlikely to be exported, goods such as those which may have high transport costs or goods that require complex after -sales service which cannot be granted by resellers. Direct exporting may require the producer to acquire new capabilities like marketing skills and financial resources in order to be able to contract with clients or business partners. 6.2. Indirect Exporting This method of exporting is mainly used by producers in the transportation, Automobile and Equipment manufacturing industries. For example, the Toyota Motor corporation. Indirect exporting entails contracting with intermediaries in the producers home country to perform export functions; these are intermediaries such as an export management company (EMC) or a Trading company. These intermediaries are responsible for finding foreign buyers in the target market, shipping products and receiving payment. The types of intermediaries Domestic based exporting merchants who sell the products abroad and domestic based export agents who sell on behalf of the exporter but do not take title of the products; agents are usually paid by commission. The producer/ exporter should exercise caution when selecting an agent or distributor for indirect exporting. 6.2.1. The advantages of indirect exporting The principal advantage of indirect exporting for most organizations is that it provides a way to penetrate the foreign markets without the complexities and risks of more direct exporting. The international organization can start exporting with no incremental investment in fixed capital, low startup costs and few risks, but with prospects for incremental sales. The exporter will have less complexity in dealing with when selling products in foreign markets, complexities which range from clashing cultures to volatile exchange rates. The exporter will not have to worry about managing product distribution in a foreign country as this is done by an export partner. The market entry barriers tend to be less in this form of exporting. In indirect exporting, the legal relationships exist between the organizations supplier (intermediary) and its immediate client buyer. Questions of jurisdiction in international lawsuits become less of an issue for the indirect exporter. The aspect of managing ongoing end user relationships is eliminated for the producer. Compared with other forms of access to foreign markets and their development, indirect exports require scarce resources. This will be an advantage for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) wishing to internationalize. The producer will have more time to focus on the core competencies of their business operations. Indirect exporting does not require a lot of organizational effort or commitment of staff workers, the firm only employs a small number of employees as the main work is carried out by foreign trade partners. In the event that this export strategy does not lead to achievement of goals, the exporter can easily withdraw from the market. 6.2.2. The disadvantages of indirect exporting The main disadvantage of indirect exports is that not all brokers are using the optimum market potential and opportunities for marketing, thus mistakes and miscalculations in their actions affect the income of producers of export goods. Indirect exporting may lead to diminishing returns in the long run as trading partners try to get maximum profit from their service as mediators. While the exporter using intermediaries to export can save a lot of money in the short and medium term, this type of supplier has little or no control over the business activities in international markets. By using an intermediary, the indirect exporter may lose out on brand recognition and loyalty in international markets, thus leaving this opportunity and domain to larger firms. Lastly the producer using indirect exports may lack recognition from the end users of the product or service, who are much more familiar with the end product. 6.2.3 The third option open to exporters is to export by establishing strategic partnerships with other organizations or individuals that have complementary skills or capabilities. The partner may often provide the insight, contacts and experience that fill the gap in the organizations export readiness. The advantage is that an alliance with a company selling a complementary product or service can provide the producer with more effective market access, resulting in more foreign sales in less time. A disadvantage may be that the two partners will not achieve synergistic benefits causing a failure in organizations export ventures. It should be noted though that many organizations use both approaches for different foreign markets. Key issues for deciding whether to use direct or indirect exporting are (1) the level of resources in terms of time, capital and managerial expertise that management is willing to commit to international expansion and individual markets;(2) the strategic importance of the foreign market; (3) the nature of the firms products, including the need for after sales support and (4) the availability of capable foreign intermediaries in the target market.(reference 3). 7.0. AN EXPORT STRATEGY As mentioned earlier ,exporting is the strategy of producing in the home country and then selling to buyers in foreign markets or abroad .Organizations that use exporting as a strategy include 3M (the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.) which makes tape, sand paper and medical products amongst other products. 3M is a major exporter with revenues of over $2billion in exports. Another export success story is FCX (based in west Virginia) systems which makes power converters for the aerospace industry ,this organization generates over half of its $20million in annual sales from exports to more than 50countries(reference 4),a third example would be the Toyota Motor Corporation. The advantages and disadvantages of exporting to the above named organizations are: 7.1. Advantages Organizations can increase sales volume, improve market share and generate profit margins that are often more favorable than in the domestic market. The exporter is able to diversify the customer base, reducing dependence on home markets. For example Toyota is in different regions thus they have a diverse customer base. Economies of scale will increase and therefore reduce the per unit cost of manufacturing. Exporting allows the exporter to minimize risk and maximize flexibility that is compared to other forms of internationalization. If situations necessitate, the firm can quickly withdraw from an export market. As compared to other forms of entry, exporting is a low risk, low cost strategy as it does not require the exporter to establish a physical presence there. Organizations can test potential markets before committing greater resources. The exporter is able to stabilize fluctuations in sales associated with economic cycles or seasonality of demand. For example, a firm can offset declining demand at home due to an economic recession by refocusing efforts toward those countries that are experiencing more robust economic growth. Also the exporter is able to leverage the capabilities and skills of foreign distributors and other business partners located abroad. Lastly the exporting organization is able to develop meaningful foreign relationships abroad. 7.2. Disadvantages Compared to foreign direct investment, the exporter has fewer opportunities to acquire and learn knowledge about customers, competitors and the marketplace. Meaning that it may fail to perceive opportunities and threats. An export strategy will require the organization to acquire new capabilities and dedicate organizational resources to properly conduct export transactions .Firms that are serious about exporting must hire staff with competency in international transactions and foreign languages. Exporting is much more sensitive to tariff and other trade barriers and fluctuations in exchange rates. Many of the pitfalls associated with exporting can be avoided if a company hires an experienced export management company, or export consultant, and if it adopts the appropriate export strategy. (Hill, 2009). 8.0. CONCLUSIONS Firms venturing abroad for the first time usually use exporting as their mode of entry. Exporting is also the entry strategy most favored by small and medium-sized enterprises. But beyond initial entry all types of firms, large and small use exporting regardless of their stage of internationalization. Exporting is the entry strategy responsible for the massive inflows and outflows that constitute global trade. Exporting typically generates substantial foreign exchange earnings for nations. For example in the United States, SMEs account for a great proportion of all U.S exporters. From 1992 to 2004, they represented nearly 100 percent of the growth in the U.S exporter population, swelling from about 108,000 firms in 1992 to over 225,000 firms by 2004. SMEs were responsible for nearly a third of merchandise exports from the United States in 2006.(Cavusgil, Knight, Riesenberger). 9.0. RECOMMENDATIONS Since it is possible to use both direct and indirect exporting simultaneously in different target markets, my recommendation would be to apply either direct or indirect exporting depending on the target markets and the conditions that prevail in those markets. Both methods of exporting can be used successfully.

Multiculturalism vs. Melting Pot Essay

Before I begin discussing these two topics, we must fully understand what they mean. The definition in the dictionary states that, multiculturalism consists of, relates to, or is designed for the cultures of several different races. Whereas the word melting pot is not a term used in the dictionary. For the purpose of this assignment I will make up my own definition for both these terms. Multiculturalism to me is defined as abundant amounts of cultures in one area. Or it is simply a society where many different types of people with diverse cultural backgrounds, religion, and traditional values and beliefs cohabit peacefully with one another. It is the unification of diverse cultures, multilingual talents, and the ability to accept one another. (Although this may not actually happen) Others see it as the union of all creeds, colors, religion that is free from prejudice, an open minded group of people who are able to step beyond themselves and explore each others interests while keeping their own interests and lastly allowing oneself and others the flexibility to be able to express one’s thoughts and definition of culture that is free from ridicule. The term multiculturalism is usually used in reference to Canada more than it is to the U.S. However if we take a closer look, America is also multicultural, but they believe in the melting pot idea. Multiculturalism does not mean the same thing to everyone. Before we can address the advantages or disadvantages of a multicultural society, we need to understand these differing viewpoints. Melting pot: The word melt can mean to be dissolved. The image that I get when I think about this term, is a group of many different; diverse people that are being assimilated or dissolved into one people, the American people. It is where newcomers melt into the American way of life. Basically  it is viewing yourself as an American first, and then your ethnic background second. This is the exact opposite idea from that of multiculturalism. However some multiculturalists consider the â€Å"melting pot† a metaphor for oppressive assimilation. To them, the only way you can melt in the pot is by assimilating–becoming similar to–the dominant or â€Å"hegemonic† white culture. Strengths and Weaknesses: Multiculturalism: First we must understand that no nation is born multicultural. It is the people and way of life that determine this factor. Multiculturalism was set up as a national symbol for Canadians and fulfilled the need for a distinctive Canadian identity. As a political tool multiculturalism has several uses. The meeting of different life views, cultures, beliefs, religions, ethnic habits, etc. Diversity is about accepting the whole person including the culture he or she brings – the customs, gestures, dress, voice quality, patterns of speech, hairstyles etc. Differences are okay to have. Multicultural diversity is what results of centuries of immigration. All Canadians, including the Native People, can trace their origins to an immigrant past. Only about 16% of today’s Canadian citizens were born outside of Canada. By recognizing multiculturalism as a fundamental characteristic of Canadian identity and national heritage, Canadians of all cultural origins have the opportunity to contribute to the common goals of equality, sharing, social justice and economic prosperity. It also maintains ancestral ethnic and cultural ties while simultaneously feeling a part of Canada. Culture helps people understand life; from the different types of background and races is how we educate ourselves and look at things from a different perspective. Given these strengths and advantages, it does not indicate that there are no flaws in this system. The following reasons are a perfect example of this. In the unpleasant world of practical politics, multiculturalism encourages quotas over competition. That is the problem: On the one hand, they want all heritages and groups to be equal. On the other hand, they want some to be more equal than others. Canada is a multicultural nation, but unfortunately both racism and prejudice still exist. When looked at, you are viewed in terms of some group category: race, ethnicity, class, gender, nationality, etc One cannot take up multiculturalism and expect students to see each other as individual human beings. Historically, diversity has torn nations apart. Finally a successful multicultural society is one that learns to appreciate the needs of others and not just their own cultural needs. Melting Pot: The idea of a ‘Melting Pot’ is to provide an environment where new ideas can be advised and advanced, where people can invite others to share their influential thinking, where people can discover others working in similar areas and with whom they may wish to begin teamwork, where public and private exchanges can occur as we all try to move forward in our thinking and experience. With this idea we are more patriotic to the Country that we live in, like in America people consider themselves American above all. It is a way of understanding American identity. Puts everyone as an equal person by bringing them together as one culture, because they are know as an American. Causes America to put up a flag of all the cultures represented. America is a melting pot because all different cultures are represented here. Immigrants from all over the world gather together in the â€Å"land of opportunity† to share their ideals, however this is not always good and it has flaws just like the multicultural system. We are all different, inside and outside, to be melted away means to take away something. By being in a melting pot system we don’t have the chance to educate ourselves and our children about history, and the different cultures, which they should obviously know about. Although the immigrants are considered as an American in this system, they know that when asked who they are, they should respond with the answer: â€Å"I am American.† However inside they realize that their background is not really an American, because they were not born in America. I think that some Americans (those born in America, feel challenged by the other people.) We often forget about who we are, because in this system it is considered second.

Emotion Management A Sociological Perspective - 876 Words

Saniya Khan 1001172152 Word count:876 Emotion Management â€Å"If you don’t manage your emotions, then your emotions will manage you† –Doc Childre and Deborah Rozman, Transforming Anxiety. Emotions are often thought as involuntary responses which are evoked by external factors and occur randomly. In this essay, I will explore the understanding of emotions through a sociological perspective. We come to see that emotions are not just instinctive expressions but are often governed by sociological principles. Emotions are influenced by roles the people play, statuses they occupy and the relationships they share. We manage our emotions while interacting with people every day. The following event demonstrates the topic of emotion management during our immigration to Canada. My parents were born and brought up in India .They finished their medical school together and moved to Saudi Arabia after getting married. I grew up in Saudi Arabia and completed my high school there. 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